Weathervane - Developing Countries

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The Ancillary Carbon Benefits of SO2 Reductions from a Small-Boiler Policy in Taiyuan, PRC
Richard Morgenstern, Alan Krupnick, and Xuehua Zhang
Discussion Paper 02-54
September 2002

Climate Change and Economic Development
Michael Toman, Barbora Jemelkova, and Joel Darmstadter
Issue Brief 02-23
August 2002
Issue Backgrounder

Determining Project-Based Emissions Baselines with Incomplete Information
Carolyn Fischer
Discussion Paper 02-23
May 2002

International Emissions Trading Design and Tax Shifting by Multinational Corporations
Carolyn Fischer
Climate Issue Brief 02-01, January 2002

The Economics of a Lost Deal
Jean-Charles Hourcade and Frédéric Ghersi
Discussion Paper 01-48
December 2001

Multinational Taxation and International Emissions Trading
Carolyn Fischer
Discussion Paper 01-18
April 2001

India’s Reappraisal of the Clean Development Mechanism
Karl Hausker and Kathleen McGinty
January 2001

International Equity and Climate Change Policy
Marina Cazorla and Michael Toman
Climate Issue Brief #27
December 2000

Establishing and Operating the Clean Development Mechanism
Michael Toman
Climate Issue Brief #22
September 2000

New Investment Abroad: Can it Reduce China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions?
Allen Blackman
Resources, Fall 1999

The Economics of Technology Diffusion: Implications for Climate Policy in Developing Countries
Allen Blackman
Discussion Paper 99-42
June 1999

Opportunities for Developing Countries to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Ramón López
Climate Issue Brief #16
January 1999

Implementing the Clean Development Mechanism: Lessons from U.S. Private-Sector Participation in Activities Implemented Jointly
Ronald Lile, Mark R. Powell, and Michael A. Toman
Discussion Paper 99-08
November 1998

Enforcing Compliance: The Allocation of Liability in International GHG Emissions Trading and the Clean Development Mechanism
Suzi Kerr
Climate Issue Brief #15
October 1998

International Emissions Trading and the Clean Development Mechanism
Raymond J. Kopp, Michael A. Toman, and Marina Cazorla
RFF Climate Issue Brief #13
October 1998

Foreign Direct Investment in China's Power Sector: Trends, Benefits and Barriers
Allen Blackman and Xun Wu
Discussion Paper 98-50
September 1998

The Economics of Technology Diffusion: Implications for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Developing Countries
Allen Blackman
Climate Issue Brief #5
October 1997

International Cooperation for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: From Theory to Practice Through Technology Transfer
Ma Zhong, Yoshitaka Nitta, and Michael A. Toman
RFF Report
December 1997

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Solutions and Actions

Developing Countries

The importance of developing countries taking action to limit their greenhouse emissions cannot be overemphasized. In the year 2000 the combined emissions of carbon dioxide from China and India were only 60 percent of U.S. emissions. But in 2025 those emissions are forecast (by the U.S. Energy Information Agency) to exceed U.S. emissions.

The Kyoto Protocol does not put any emissions limits on developing countries. Those countries vehemently object to any limits on their economic growth and argue that since the present concentrations of carbon in the atmosphere were put there mainly by the rich countries, it is up to them to lead the way in any reduction. But the massive increases in emissions from the biggest and most rapidly industrializing countries, above all China and India, make it clear that any effective climate program must somehow include them.

One possibility is to shift from a structure that limits emissions directly, as Kyoto does, to one that forces higher fuel efficiency. With the recent increases in fuel prices, that idea has a new appeal. Another possibility is to note that emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly in poor countries, are usually associated with the emissions of other pollutants with direct and visible effects on human health.

		Thomas Schelling: Developing Countries Will Suffer Most from Global Warming Resources for the Future Resources 164 \| Winter 2007



		What to Do About Climate Change? Ruth Greenspan Bell April 2006 In a recent Foreign Affairs article, RFF Resident Scholar Ruth Greenspan Bell argues that successful efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will require a combination of new, country-specific strategies and traditional monitoring and enforcement measures.



		Market Failure Ruth Greenspan Bell The Environmental Forum March/April 2006

		Panel: Low Carbon Economics in Developing Countries Understanding Transatlantic Differences An RFF Co-Hosted Seminar Speakers discuss the uncertain future of Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM's), the challenges facing growing economies, and the changing perspectives of the U.S. and Europe.

		Balancing the Partnership with the U.S.: A Golden Opportunity Frank E. Loy, RFF Board Chair A Weathervane Commentary March 13, 2006 RFF Board Chair Frank E. Loy asserts that European countries need to press the U.S. to rescind its proposed funding cuts to the Global Environment Facility, a program that helps poorer countries develop sustainable resources.



		Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Convergence or Divergence? Joseph E. Aldy Discussion Paper 05-53 November 2005 RFF Fellow Joe Aldy suggests the gap between developing and industrialized countries’ per capita emissions has not closed over the past 40 years and may in fact widen, complicating efforts to develop international climate policy.



		The Kyoto Placebo Ruth Greenspan Bell Issues in Science and Technology December 2005 RFF Resident Scholar Ruth Greenspan Bell argues that relying so heavily on the flexible mechanisms created by the Kyoto Protocol to control greenhouse gas emissions in the developing world is highly unrealistic.



		Project-Based Mechanisms for Emissions Reductions: Balancing Trade-offs with Baselines Carolyn Fischer Discussion Paper 04-32 August 2004



		'Greening' Economic Development Activities For Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Michael Toman Issue Brief 03-02 December 2003



		Effects of Carbon Policies and Technology Change Molly K. Macauley and Jhih-Shyang ShihDiscussion Paper 03-14 December 2003



		India and Global Climate Change: Perspectives on Economics and Policy from a Developing Country Michael A. Toman, Ujjayant Chakravorty, Shreekant Gupta, editors RFF Press 2003



		13 + 1: A Comparison of Global Climate Change Policy Architectures Joseph E Aldy, Scott Barrett, and Robert N. Stavins Discussion Paper 03-26 August 2003